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War communism or military communism ((ロシア語:Военный коммунизм)) was the economic and political system that existed in Soviet Russia during the Russian Civil War, from 1918 to 1921. According to Soviet historiography, this policy was adopted by the Bolsheviks with the goal of keeping towns and the Red Army stocked with weapons and with food. The system had to be used because the ongoing war disrupted normal economic mechanisms and relations. "War communism", which began in June 1918, was enforced by the Supreme Economic Council, known as the Vesenkha. It ended on March 21, 1921, with the beginning of the New Economic Policy (NEP), which lasted until 1928. == Policies == War communism included the following policies: # Nationalization of all industries and the introduction of strict centralized management # Introduction of State control of foreign trade # Strict discipline for workers, with strikes forbidden # Imposition of obligatory labor duty onto non-working classes # ''Prodrazvyorstka'' – requisition of agricultural surpluses (in excess of an absolute minimum) from peasants for centralized distribution among the remaining population # Rationing of food and most commodities, with centralized distribution thereof in urban centers # Private enterprise banned # Military-style control of the railways Because the Bolshevik government implemented all these measures in a time of civil war, they were far less coherent and coordinated in practice than they might appear on paper. Large areas of Russia remained outside the Bolsheviks' control, and poor communications meant that even those regions loyal to the Bolshevik government often had to act on their own, lacking any orders or central coordination from Moscow. It has long been debated whether "war communism" represented an actual economic policy in the proper sense of the phrase, or merely a set of measures intended to win the civil war.〔See Nicolas Werth, ''Histoire de l'Union Soviétique de Lénine à Staline'', 1995 〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「war communism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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